One of the areas in which CSS2 improves greatly over CSS1 is in its addition of rules for handling paged media. This is usually assumed to refer to material such as printouts of a document, but it can also refer to specialized devices which display information a page at a time, as well as to “print previews” on a computer screen, and more.
If you build a site when testing in a broken browser, you’re building code that relies upon broken rendering. It’s as though you’re building a house on a foundation of sand. Once you begin testing on other browsers or platforms, the flaws in your work will become far too apparent. Instead, start with a modern browser with an acknowledged level of standards-compliance. As you’ll see here, you can write hacks into your code that will address lesser browsers’ rendering quirks.
A good example is the default display of PDF files, which are usually presented a page at a time. In creating a model for paged media, CSS takes the general idea of the box model and extends it to create the page box.
This is the term used to refer to the area in which content is drawn on a given piece of the display medium (e.g., a piece of paper in a printout). The area in which a page box is drawn is referred to as a sheet. This term is used mostly to avoid the confusion which using the term “page” would invoke. In CSS2, all page boxes are rectangular, although they may not necessarily be the same size as the sheets on which they are drawn. Because the page box is drawn from the general box model in CSS2, authors are able to set margins and dimensions for a page box, just as they would with an ordinary element box (however, padding and borders cannot be set on page boxes in CSS2).
Of course, talking at length about the CSS specification gets us only so far (and does wonders for your attention span, we’re sure). Integrating the standards to practice into our daily workflow is another matter entirely. To do so, let’s examine two critical items in a modern Web designer ’s toolkit — and no, neither of them has a magic wand tool or a layers palette in sight.
This isn’t a browser snob’s apology, nor is it an attempt to switch your favorite browser. Rather, this approach will save you time and resources when building your site. If you begin building to a flawed browser ’s bugs, you will spend far more time debugging when you test in a more standards-compliant one. As of this writing, this means one of three options: Opera, Safari, or a Gecko-based browser such as Camino, Mozilla, or Firefox.
All this is done using the page directive, which is explained later in the chapter. As of CSS2, the specification does not contain properties to automatically generate running heads or footers, place page numbers, and other advanced page-layout features. These features are expected to appear in a future version of CSS. CSS2 does allow authors to simulate these features with the property display (see Chapter 4), although the methods are a bit clumsy.
There are some concepts which should be understood before attempting to write paged-media styles. These include page-breaking and content-clipping rules.
You’ll note that Internet Explorer doesn’t appear in this list, and that’s unfortunately intentional. While its standards implementation has increased dramatically over recent years, the Windows version of Internet.
A good portion of the paged media rules are devoted to affecting the placement of page breaks. In order to keep these as clear as possible, CSS defines a number of rules related to “allowed” page breaks.
At this point, the user agent will likely perform some form of straightforward clipping operation to split the page, but other behaviors may be used. Rule 5 always takes effect, no matter the circumstance. Now that we’ve explored the circumstances in which a page break may be placed, let’s look at the two rules which describe when a page break must be placed.
1- A page break must be placed between two block boxes if the value of page is different for the two blocks.
2 -A page break must be placed between two block boxes if the value of page for the last line box in the preceding element is different than the value of page for the first line box.
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